First African liberation movement. Formed in 1912 in response to the South African Union which solidified white minority rule in South Africa. An obscure non-violent organization, it accrued its impact in the 40s by broadening its member base. In the 1950s it adopted the Defiance Campaign, a programme modelled after the Youth League Programme of action. The movement was banned in the 60s and its leaders where imprisoned. From then until the 80s, it returned in full force, only now giving members combat training.