The art of expressing graphically, by maps, the known physical features of the Earth or of another celestial body. It usually includes showing the works of man and his varied activities. (2) The science, art and technology of making maps, together with the study of maps as scientific documents and works of art. (3) The theory and practise of making maps. (4) The process of making maps. The process is generally considered to include all steps from conception to finished product. The usual steps in the process are: (a) establishing the coordinate system for the map; (b) plotting the data onto the map from surveys or other sources (including other maps); (c) filling in where data are insufficient and generalising where data are too plentiful; (d) comparing the resulting manuscript form of the map with new data (field checking) gathered specifically for this purpose; (e) making plates or other printing intermediates; and (f) printing copies of the map. In the context of the above definitions, the term may be regarded as including all types of maps, plans, charts, plots, and section; three-dimensional models and globes, etc. Although some authorities consider the term to include land surveying, hydrographic surveying, and photogrammetric surveying as part of cartography, this viewpoint is not common.