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Dalby

A formula for the reverse azimuth A 21 from point P2 on a spheroid (rotational ellipsoid) to point P1 on that spheroid, in terms of the forward azimuth A12 from P1 to P2 and the forward and back azimuths B12 and B21 of points P1' and P2' on a sphere. Points P1 and P1' have the same coordinates (λ11) and points P2 and P2' have the same coordinates (λ2, φ2) ; λ and φ denote longitude and latitude, respectively. The formula is A 21 = A12 + (B21 - B12) - (e4/4) ( λ2 - λ1)(φ2 - φ1)² cos4φ1 sinφ1, where e is the eccentricity.

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