A reference frame involving a spatial relation established between a figure and a reference object in which the axial properties associated with the reference object derive from an encompassing secondary reference object. For instance, in the following example: John is in front of Mary in the queue, the queue serves as an encompassing secondary reference object, providing the primary reference object with an orientational frame. That is, Mary can be turned with her back to John, and yet John is still 'in front' by virtue of the directionality provided by the queue. In other words, the reference object, Mary, is provided with particular axial properties by virtue of being encompassed by the queue.