A periodical publication, usually paperbound, that typically contains essays, stories, poems, and illustrations on continuing or recurrent themes, with specific appeal to a categorised or specialised audience; derivation used figuratively as a "storehouse of information," in titles from c1640. The standard magazine size in USA is about 8.125" X 10.875" (ranging from 5"X8" to 11"X15"); and the standard international size for magazines is A4 (210mm X 297mm). The type area for common magazine sizes includes: pocket (@2 cols X 85 ag lns), standard (@2 cols X 119 ag lns), flat (@3 cols X 140 ag lns), and large (@4 cols X 170 ag lns). There are three times as many trade (ie: professional, organizational, specialty) magazines as consumer (ie: general, news, genre) magazines. The presentation and content of any magazine should be relatively consistent; following the Four F's of magazine design: Format (eg: size, folio, headers, logo, cover lines); Formula (eg: storey length, feature type, department location, image style); Frame (eg: margin, border, gutter, well); and Function (eg: mission, audience). Magazines that focus their contents upon the majority of their readership will eventually lose their minority subscribers; but contents that offer a mix of general and subspecialty material will probably gain readership. Very few subscribers read everything in each issue, but will remain loyal if their narrow interests are covered at least once in every issue of a specialised magazine. Also, a television programme that combines interviews, commentary, and entertainment. References include: "Oxbridge National Directory of Magazines", "Burrelle's Directory of Magazines", "Bacon's Magazine Directory", "Literary Market Place" (LMP), "Ulrich's Periodicals Directory", "Directory of Literary Magazines and Presses" (CLMP), "DustBooks' Guide to Little Magazines and Small Presses", "Gale Directory of Publications and Broadcast Media"; International Association of Business Communicators (IABC); City and Regional Magazine Association (CRMA); American Society of Business Press Editors; Agriculture Publishers Association; Society of the National Association of Publications; Magazine Publishers of America (MPA).