A major division of late Paleozoic time, considered either as an independent period or as the younger subperiod of the Carboniferous. In North America, the Pennsylvanian has been widely recognised as a geologic period and derives its name from a thick succession of mostly nonmarine, coal-bearing strata in Pennsylvania. Radiometric ages place the beginning of the period at approximately 320 million years ago and its end at about 290 million years ago. In northwestern Europe, strata of nearly equivalent age are commonly designated as Upper Carboniferous and in eastern Europe as Middle and Upper Carboniferous.