1) Contingency arrangement in which members of the group are treated as if they were a single behaving individual. The group's performance determines the reinforcer each member receives. For example, "If the group averages 90% on the test, everyone will have free time."

2) A contingency arrangement in which the performance of an individual or several members of a group determines the group's access to reinforcement. For example, everyone in the class receives reinforcers dependent on improvement of the lowest three student scores.