An abstract concept often used by literary translators to refer to the narrative style and rhythm of the source text author which must be grasped in order to produce a successful target text. Used also (e.g. Hermans 1996) in the sense of the translator's voice to refer to the underlying and potentially distorting presence of the translator's choices in the target language. A target text in which each word of the source text is replaced by its close correspondent in the target language (see correspondence, correspondent).