Typically removes 1" to 4" of surface asphalt or 1" – 2" of concrete allowing for the application of a thin overlay or wearing surface which preserves ancillary structures (e.g. curb and gutter) but allows improvements to the grade and surface of the pavement section. When used for full roadway reconstruction, cold planning is also capable of removing up to 12 inches of paving material and base in a single pass. Another cold planning application is for slot cutting of only badly deteriorated sections of roadway - then full depth paving to restore an otherwise good road. This helps preserve or correct grade structure and cleans up rutted or cracked surfaces. It also improves bonding and surface quality and reduces costs of roadway rehabilitation.